Link discovered between Montana weather, ocean near Peru
Montanans who want to know what to expect from the weather should look to the Pacific Ocean in the fall or maybe find a way to chat with some Peruvian fishermen, according to Joseph Caprio, professor emeritus in MSU's Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences and former Montana State Climatologist.
If the average surface temperature of the ocean near Peru is warmer than normal from November through March, fishing off the coast of Peru will be poor and Montana will experience El Nino from the following December through June, Caprio said. El Nino generally means Montana will be warm and dry.
If the average surface temperature is cooler than usual from November through March, fishing off the coast of Peru will be good and Montana will have a cool, wet spring, like the one experienced this year during La Nina, Caprio said. He added that weather in different areas of the country responds differently to El Nino or La Nina.
Caprio said Peruvian fishermen knew hundreds of years ago that ocean temperatures affected their livelihood. And scientists have long known that weather around the globe is linked to El Nino in different parts of the world. Meteorologists with the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration make long-range forecasts by monitoring sea surface temperatures , atmospheric pressure, wind, air temperatures and cloudiness in various areas of the Pacific Ocean.
Caprio focused on the sea-surface temperatures in the area that's associated with Montana weather. That area is off the Peruvian coast and near the equator. It covers about 550 miles from north to south and 4,100 miles east to west.
Caprio specifically wanted to determine the effect of El Nino on extreme daily temperatures and precipitation in Montana.
"Since El Nino sea surface temperature anomalies tend to persist for many months and have predictable climatic associations, it is prudent to undertake research to understand how El Nino affects extremes of weather for individual locations in order to provide useful information for decision makers," Caprio said in a paper he published in the Intermountain Journal of Sciences .
Compared to normal years, El Nino years tend to have about 20 percent more days with extreme high daytime temperatures, 20 percent fewer days with extreme low nighttime temperatures and 20 percent fewer days with high precipitation amounts, Caprio said.
"An increase or decrease of extreme daily weather occurrences can impact natural resources and a wide range of human activities including agriculture, forestry, recreation, construction and other businesses," he added.
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Organic Gardening & Quantum Generator Technology! | Alternative Energy
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Palaeobiology II
1.3.4 Early Land Plants D. EDWARDS Introduction Land plants encounter problems ... assumed to represent a departure from normal meiosis in that separation ...Physiological botany, Outlines of the histology of phaenogamous plants. Vegetable physiology
Absorption of carbonic acid by land plants. These, with their foliage ... above its normal rate; (3) when carbonic acid is supplied to roots of plants whose ...Major events in the history of life
Origin of Higher Land Plants Evidence regarding the origin of bryophytes and ... the higher land plants: unfortunately, however, under normal circumstances, ...History of life
THE MODERNIZATION OF LAND PLANTS As plants invaded drier habitats from Devonian times onward, they evolved ways to retain water and protect their ...The Journal of ecology
... from the normal submerged type, and what alterations, internal as well as external, occur when the various species are cultivated as land plants. ...Everyday Walkthroughs Directory
Algae - Life on Australian Seashores
Algae have quite a number of features which make them unlike normal land-based flowering plants. Firstly, they do not have a root system which takes up nutrients. ...
Adaptations of totally submerged, floating and swamp plants.
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Seaweeds on the Shores of Singapore
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Seagrasses do not belong to the same family of plants as the land grasses (Family Graminae) ... Features: Like other 'normal' land plants, seagrasses have green ...
Evolutionary history of plants - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In the Ordovician period, around 450 million years ago, the first land plants appeared. ... Land plants evolved from chlorophyte algae, perhaps as early as 510 ...